Force chain structure in a rod-withdrawn granular layer

When a rod is vertically withdrawn from granular layer, oblique force chains can be developed by effective shearing. In this study, the force-chain structure in rod-withdrawn layer was experimentally investigated using photoelastic technique. The two-dimensional consisting of bidisperse disks. During withdrawal, development process visualized effect. By systematic analysis images, chain structures newly withdrawing are identified and analyzed. particular, relation between rod-withdrawing [Formula: see text], total force-chains their average orientation text] discussed. We find that withdrawing. angle almost constant (approximately horizontal), gradually increases withdrawal. addition, shows clear correlation with text].